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英语语法——代词3

来源:网络资源 文章作者:匿名 2009-07-14 14:48:22

  3.10 疑问代词

  1) 疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:

  指人: who, whom, whose

  指物: what

  既可指人又可指物: which

  2) 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。试比较:

  疑问代词:Whose are these books on the desk?   桌上的书是谁的?

  What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion? 美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?

  限定词:Whose books are these on the desk? 桌上的书是谁的?

  What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?

  哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?

  说明1:无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内。例如:

  Which girls do you like best? 你喜欢哪几个姑娘?

  What girls do you like best? 你喜欢什么样的姑娘?

  说明2:Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom, 例如:

  Who(m)did you meet on the street? 你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)

  Who(m) are you taking the book to? 你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)

  To whom did you speak on the campus? 你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词后,不能用who取代。)

  说明3: 疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句末。例如:

  For what do most people live and work? 大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体)

  What are you looking for? 你在找什么?(现代英语)

  说明4: 疑问代词还可引导名词性从句。例如:

  I can't make out what he is driving at. 我不知道他用意何在。

  Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?  你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?

  Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.

  你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。

  3.11. 关系代词

  1) 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分。例如:

  The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。

  该句中whom既代表先行词the girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。

  2) 关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that 可指人也可指物,见表:

  指人 指物 指人或指物

  主 格 who which that

  宾 格 whom that that

  属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose

  例如:This is the pencil whose point is broken. 这就是那枝折了尖的铅笔。(whose 指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)

  He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书。(which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)

  说明:非限定性定语从句中,不能用that作关系代词。

  3) 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子。例如:

  He said he saw me there, which was a lie. 他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。

  说明: 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。另外,关系代词that在从句中作表语时也可省略,例如:

  I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.  我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。

  He's changed. He's not the man he was. 他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。

  3.12 every , no, all, both, neither, nor

  1)不定代词有all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。

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